Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

A water-soluble vitamin essential for carbohydrate metabolism, nerve function, and heart health.

What is Thiamine?

Thiamine, also known as Vitamin B1, is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin required for converting carbohydrates into energy and for proper nerve function.

It is vital for the normal functioning of the brain and heart.

History & Background

Thiamine was the first B vitamin discovered during investigations into beriberi, a disease caused by severe thiamine deficiency.

Chemical Structure & Properties

• IUPAC name: 3-[(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl]-5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazolium
• Molecular formula: C₁₂H₁₇N₄OS⁺
• Molar mass: 265.35 g/mol
• Nature: Water-soluble, heat sensitive

Mechanism of Action

Thiamine functions by:

• Forming thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
• Acting as a coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism
• Supporting nerve impulse transmission

Health Benefits & Uses

• Energy metabolism
• Prevention of beriberi
• Nerve function support
• Cardiovascular health

Dosage Guidelines

Adults: 1.1–1.2 mg/day

Therapeutic doses: Higher doses under medical supervision

⚠️ Excess thiamine is usually excreted in urine.

Vitamin B1 Deficiency

• Beriberi
• Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
• Muscle weakness
• Peripheral neuropathy

Side Effects

• Very rare allergic reactions
• No known toxicity at normal doses

Frequently Asked Questions

Is thiamine water-soluble? – Yes.

Is it safe daily? – Yes.

Who needs supplementation? – Alcohol dependence, malnutrition.

Does cooking destroy it? – Yes, partially.

⚠️ Educational content only. Not a substitute for professional medical advice.