Nicotine

A naturally occurring alkaloid and powerful stimulant responsible for tobacco addiction.

What is Nicotine?

Nicotine is a naturally occurring alkaloid found primarily in tobacco plants. It is a potent stimulant and the main substance responsible for addiction to tobacco products.

It rapidly crosses the blood–brain barrier.

History & Background

Nicotine was isolated in the 19th century and named after Jean Nicot, who introduced tobacco to Europe.

Chemical Structure & Properties

• IUPAC name: (S)-3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine
• Molecular formula: C₁₀H₁₄N₂
• Molar mass: 162.23 g/mol
• Class: Alkaloid

Mechanism of Action

Nicotine acts by:

• Stimulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
• Increasing dopamine release in the brain
• Enhancing alertness and mood

Effects on the Body

• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Improved attention and concentration
• Reduced appetite
• Release of adrenaline

Addiction & Dependence

Nicotine is highly addictive due to its rapid action on brain reward pathways. Regular use leads to dependence and withdrawal symptoms.

Medical Uses

• Nicotine replacement therapy (patches, gum)
• Smoking cessation programs

Dosage & Exposure

Typical cigarette: ~1–2 mg absorbed nicotine
Nicotine patches: 7–21 mg/day

⚠️ Nicotine is toxic in high doses.

Side Effects

• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Palpitations

Health Risks

• Addiction
• Cardiovascular stress
• Harm during pregnancy

Frequently Asked Questions

Is nicotine a drug? – Yes.

Is it carcinogenic? – Not directly.

Is nicotine addictive? – Highly.

Is it used medically? – Yes, in replacement therapy.

⚠️ Educational content only. Not a substitute for professional medical advice.