Morphine

A powerful opioid analgesic used in medical settings for severe pain relief.

What is Morphine?

Morphine is a natural opioid alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy. It is widely used in hospitals to manage moderate to severe pain.

It is considered the gold standard for opioid analgesics.

History & Background

Morphine was first isolated in the early 19th century and named after Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, due to its sedative effects.

Chemical Structure & Properties

• IUPAC name: (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diol
• Molecular formula: C₁₇H₁₉NO₃
• Molar mass: 285.34 g/mol
• Class: Opioid alkaloid

Mechanism of Action

Morphine works by:

• Binding to μ-opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord
• Blocking pain signal transmission
• Producing analgesia and sedation

Medical Uses

• Severe acute pain
• Post-operative pain
• Cancer-related pain
• Myocardial infarction pain

Dosage & Administration

Dosage varies widely depending on condition and route:

• Oral
• Intravenous (IV)
• Intramuscular (IM)

⚠️ Must be administered under medical supervision.

Side Effects

• Drowsiness
• Constipation
• Nausea and vomiting
• Respiratory depression

Dependence & Tolerance

Long-term use can lead to tolerance and physical dependence. Abrupt withdrawal may cause severe symptoms.

Warnings & Precautions

• Risk of addiction
• Avoid alcohol and sedatives
• Monitor respiratory function

Frequently Asked Questions

Is morphine addictive? – Yes.

Is it used legally? – Yes, medically.

Is it stronger than codeine? – Yes.

Is it safe? – Only under medical supervision.

⚠️ Educational content only. Not a substitute for professional medical advice.