Dopamine

A key neurotransmitter involved in motivation, reward, movement, and mood regulation.

What is Dopamine?

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter and hormone produced in the brain and adrenal glands. It plays a crucial role in motivation, pleasure, learning, and motor control.

It is often called the brain’s “reward chemical.”

History & Background

Dopamine was identified in the mid-20th century and later recognized as a neurotransmitter essential for normal brain function.

Chemical Structure & Properties

• IUPAC name: 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol
• Molecular formula: C₈H₁₁NO₂
• Molar mass: 153.18 g/mol
• Class: Catecholamine neurotransmitter

Mechanism of Action

Dopamine works by:

• Binding to dopamine receptors (D1–D5)
• Regulating reward and motivation pathways
• Controlling movement and coordination

Functions in the Body

• Motivation and pleasure
• Learning and memory
• Motor control
• Hormonal regulation

Medical Uses

• Treatment of shock (IV dopamine)
• Low blood pressure management
• Support in heart failure (hospital use)

Side Effects (Medical Use)

• Increased heart rate
• Arrhythmias
• Nausea
• Headache

Dopamine Imbalance Disorders

• Low dopamine: Parkinson’s disease, depression
• High dopamine: Schizophrenia, addiction

Frequently Asked Questions

Is dopamine a hormone? – Yes, and a neurotransmitter.

Is it the happiness chemical? – It’s more about motivation.

Is dopamine addictive? – It mediates addiction pathways.

Is dopamine given orally? – No, IV only.

⚠️ Educational content only. Not a substitute for professional medical advice.