Ketoconazole

A broad-spectrum antifungal medicine used for fungal infections of skin and scalp.

What is Ketoconazole?

Ketoconazole is an imidazole antifungal agent used to treat fungal infections of the skin, scalp, and mucous membranes.

It is commonly available as creams, shampoos, and lotions.

History & Background

Ketoconazole was one of the first oral antifungal agents developed, but today it is mainly used topically due to safety considerations.

Chemical Structure & Properties

• IUPAC name: cis-1-acetyl-4-[4-[[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy]phenyl]piperazine
• Molecular formula: C₂₆H₂₈Cl₂N₄O₄
• Molar mass: 531.43 g/mol
• Functional groups: Imidazole ring, dioxolane ring

Mechanism of Action

Ketoconazole works by:

• Inhibiting fungal ergosterol synthesis
• Disrupting fungal cell membrane formation
• Inhibiting fungal growth

Medical Uses

• Dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis
• Tinea infections (ringworm)
• Candidal skin infections
• Pityriasis versicolor

Dosage & Application

Cream: Apply once or twice daily for 2–4 weeks
Shampoo: Use 2–3 times per week as directed

Side Effects

• Skin irritation
• Burning sensation
• Dryness or itching

Warnings & Precautions

• For external use only
• Avoid contact with eyes
• Discontinue if severe irritation occurs

Frequently Asked Questions

Is ketoconazole an antibiotic? – No, it is an antifungal.

Is it used for dandruff? – Yes.

Is oral ketoconazole safe? – Rarely used now.

How long to use? – 2–4 weeks.

⚠️ Educational content only. Not a substitute for professional medical advice.