Ciprofloxacin

A broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic effective against Gram-negative bacteria.

What is Ciprofloxacin?

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections, especially those caused by Gram-negative organisms.

It is not recommended for mild infections unless necessary.

History & Background

Ciprofloxacin was introduced in the 1980s and became widely used due to its strong activity against urinary and gastrointestinal pathogens.

Chemical Structure & Properties

• IUPAC name: 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-7-(piperazin-1-yl)-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
• Molecular formula: C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃
• Molar mass: 331.34 g/mol
• Functional groups: Fluoroquinolone core, carboxylic acid

Mechanism of Action

Ciprofloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA replication by:

• Blocking DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II)
• Inhibiting topoisomerase IV
• Preventing bacterial cell division

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption: Good oral absorption
• Peak plasma time: 1–2 hours
• Distribution: Widely distributed in tissues
• Half-life: ~4 hours
• Excretion: Urine (unchanged)

Medical Uses

• Urinary tract infections
• Gastrointestinal infections
• Typhoid fever
• Respiratory tract infections
• Bone and joint infections

Dosage Guidelines

Adults: 250–750 mg every 12 hours

Severe infections: Higher doses as prescribed

⚠️ Avoid unnecessary use to prevent resistance.

Side Effects

• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness
• Tendon pain or rupture

Warnings & Precautions

• Risk of tendon rupture (especially elderly)
• Avoid in pregnancy if possible
• Use cautiously in epilepsy

Drug Interactions

• Antacids (reduce absorption)
• Theophylline
• Warfarin

Frequently Asked Questions

Is ciprofloxacin strong? – Yes.

Can it treat viral infections? – No.

Is it safe long-term? – Short-term use preferred.

Why is it restricted? – Safety concerns and resistance.

⚠️ Educational content only. Not a substitute for professional medical advice.