Empagliflozin

An SGLT2 inhibitor with proven cardiovascular and renal protective benefits.

What is Empagliflozin?

Empagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

It lowers blood glucose by increasing glucose excretion through urine.

History & Background

Empagliflozin gained global recognition after studies demonstrated significant reduction in cardiovascular mortality among diabetic patients.

Chemical Structure & Properties

• IUPAC name: (2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-2-[4-chloro-3-[(4-ethoxyphenyl)methyl]phenyl]-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol
• Molecular formula: C₂₃H₂₇ClO₇
• Molar mass: 450.91 g/mol
• Functional groups: Glucoside, aromatic rings

Mechanism of Action

Empagliflozin reduces blood glucose by:

• Inhibiting SGLT2 in renal proximal tubules
• Reducing glucose reabsorption
• Increasing urinary glucose excretion

Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption: Rapid oral absorption
• Peak plasma time: 1–3 hours
• Half-life: ~12 hours
• Metabolism: Hepatic (UGT enzymes)
• Excretion: Urine and feces

Medical Uses

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Heart failure (reduced ejection fraction)
• Chronic kidney disease

Dosage Guidelines

Adults: 10–25 mg once daily

With or without food

⚠️ Maintain hydration and monitor kidney function.

Side Effects

• Genital fungal infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Increased urination
• Hypotension

Warnings & Precautions

• Risk of diabetic ketoacidosis
• Avoid in severe renal impairment
• Monitor blood pressure

Drug Interactions

• Diuretics
• Insulin and sulfonylureas

Frequently Asked Questions

Does empagliflozin cause hypoglycemia? – Rare alone.

Does it protect the heart? – Yes.

Does it cause weight loss? – Mild.

Is it safe long-term? – Yes, with monitoring.

⚠️ Educational content only. Not a substitute for professional medical advice.